القلاع في عمان

Castles in Oman
Content Search:
Introduction.
Historic importance of the castles.
History of Design.
Gazetteer of the castles and forts.
Names and locations of the old areas of Oman.
Introduction:
Oman's name is reflected very clearly on the pages of history of civilization in the Arabian Peninsula; which were marked by the shadow of civilization, which features allowed it to be a cradle and a land of ancient civilizations in antiquity. It also had its impressive contribution to the formulation of the ancient history of the Arabian Peninsula. As well as links and fertile relations with neighboring centers of world civilizations. While revealing the historical evidence for civilizations and urban ancient built by the Omanis in pre-Islamic and days through the first, it refers to Oman as one of the fortresses of the Islamic Call and to what he had done Omani prominent role in the dissemination throughout its long and with their tender prolific in various creative fields contributed to the How to build Islamic civilization contributed to the enrichment of human civilization.

The grooming of Oman through all of this, over the times to play the role of cultural integrated grant the people of his personality characteristics, and cemented in his conscience values and customs of the Asilah set up by the pillars of national unity and built a society in Arab Islamic carry on the torch of science, creativity and dedication in the struggle of post overcome by all the challenges.

And When it comes to civilization and the history of Oman recall that the great legacies left by the ancestors public good evidence of the prosperity of this civilization in this country. One of those legacies of castles, forts, towers and springs, many of the traditional industries that still remain to this day.

Historic importance of the citadels of:

I have the castles and forts of Oman played a key role in the history of the Arab east of the island since ancient times. It was a symbol of authority and governance and therefore the focus of attention was continuously during the violent civil wars, when people were dispersed among the warring factions for power. Has become the possession of castles and forts of the requirements to establish a unified country after periods of political and religious divide.

Furthermore few fortifications built by the Sassanid and their successors and Alokmignon Alfrtheon at home, it is not surprising to find that the oldest forts and settlements of Oman is located on the slopes of the mountains, especially in both the West and South. Here was the plains and valleys, abundant water availability of crop-growing areas of the settlers in those parts of the country that their ancestors settled there since the first migrations and even before that. We find that the settlements and cemeteries free old located in the same positions.
The Sassanid Persians lost live on the coast defense construction until the seventh century AD and then followed Hermzion during their occupation of the coastal points such as Sohar and Qalhat in the eighteenth / fourteenth and ninth / fifteenth. Then replaced the Portuguese coastal forts replace the construction.

In addition, the first fortified circuits built of huge stones, which dates to the reign of some prehistoric times, the first Arab forts on the inside was composed of the fenced off areas with stones on the rocky hills and included in the usually circular towers.
With the exception of Nizwa, Bahla perhaps the forts remaining in the home was first built by the kings of Nabhani at home and in Eastern as well. It was the golden age era Eliearbp to build forts in Oman. In their covenant, and as a result of the impact of the Portuguese forts in the design, external influences appear in the construction of towers equipped with artillery rules for the use of a solid defender (for example, in Nizwa) and in the adoption system in the towers Alrknyen opposing forts rectangular shape to be able to fire in a coordinated manner. The fortress Jibrin and packages the best example of this was constructed in the late atheist century / early seventeenth century and the twelfth / eighteenth respectively.

In the middle of the twelfth / eighteenth used methods of construction of the Central Region of Oman in the plain of Al Batinah coastal and Ghadaf * (for example, in Barka and Rustaq) and later that century began building houses fortified (like a house Numan), which reflects its determination on the impact of external and often have an Indian (Mughal) and re-building forts on the sites Portuguese coastal forts.
I have lost forts in use widely the rest of the twelfth century / eighteenth century and the thirteenth / nineteenth century, and lost possession of a factor is of great political importance. It seems that the program is the only major and necessary for construction of defense occurred in the late twelfth / eighteenth century and the thirteenth / nineteenth along the Batinah coast. The castles and forts are always subject to the authority of the imam who was to provide them with shining garrison and maintained by the military. He was also appointed by the leaders or rulers (rulers) of these forts as representatives in all throughout the country.

History of Design:

The external facades of buildings in Islamic countries in general and Oman in particular do not always reflect the specific function. High walls of houses are often punctuated with no windows and only one entrance only. This is due to reasons of defense and traditional isolation, as well as for the prevention of blowing sand in desert areas. And the Arab house seems those seen from the outside a strict view, while inside the building activities take place within an inner courtyard surrounded by rooms in whole or in part. The key of this concept and function of the establishment of residential design at the heart of local buildings and architecture in the Arabian Peninsula.
The buildings that have a specific function include hostels fenced and fortified structures, which are often composed of high walls and towers surrounding a desert land, as well as mosques Bioanadtha of columns and courtyards, or vaulted roofs and open in one of its aspects. The decoration - regardless of the only entrance - they are limited to the inner part of the building. As the walled part and the square or squares which are often characterized by the presence or arched portico, as well as the main reception rooms can be decorated and forms Baloa Cast plaster, tiles and painted ceilings.

The Muslim palace of rural - any castle or defensive position, which was occupied by the ruling - followed by long-term tradition in architecture, the military, which ranges from the palaces and the fortified cities and fortified houses that were built over the years.

These traditions are reflected in Amman, in the castle of Bahla walled originally constructed in about the sixth century / XII, and Fort packets from the early twelfth / eighteenth Bobraszh contracts with drum and stone arcaded corridors. It is clear that the famous buildings in the Islamic world, which was built between the Abbasid and Ottoman from the third / ninth-century atheist century / XVII - including mosques, palaces and schools attached to mosques and tombs designed by builders architects first on the sheets of slavery and then on plain paper using a grid of lines Mtsamtp square as a design standard.

As the population of Oman, consisting of tribal groups, farmers and pastoralists in the then not surprising to find that the buildings were essentially the nature of the residential or defensive. For this there is no evidence mentioned in the Imran buildings reflect periods of Islamic architecture great. But what kept the poor Amman is the denial of the use of the coast and sea trade, which was exploited by others. After the fall of Sohar in the hands of Albuehiin in the fourth / tenth century, seized on the coast of Hormuz, and then Portugal, but with that their control did not extend into the Amman However, the presence campus Omanis in income from control of the maritime trade until the reign of Eliearbp in Amman century atheist tenth / XVII. It was Shan, the design of mosques, forts and buildings in the residential home was based often on local perceptions.

The oldest architectural style alien has existed until now is to Qalhat in the house of Mary, described by Ibn Battuta (that of the most beautiful mosques) have been built by the widow of Bibi Maryam Ayaz governor Qalhat and Hermes, who died in 711 AH / 1311-12 AD. After the arrival of the Portuguese in the tenth century / XVI and emission Eliearbp again during the next century, Oman was a great deal of cultural influence from the West and the Western Indian Ocean in general. It appears that many of the buildings that still remain from that era was the outcome of the architectural theories. Among these buildings Palace Jibrin dating from only the late atheist century / seven of ten short packets fortified, which was built years 1120/1708-9 and Beit al-Nu'man near Barka, which was built in the middle of the twelfth / eighteenth and the house of a dead and the house of the narrator later in Muscat and houses Muscat and big needles.

It seems that these buildings had been designed by the architects of her daughters as they are now. And may indicate a survey on the other they are designed on the basis of a standard well done and perhaps, according to a proportional system specific.

Methods of design, construction and decoration:

He knew building stones Almcbzp very nicely and the use of stones in the windows of buildings long ago in the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula. The models show buildings of stone and ancient craftsmanship in construction period before Islam in Yemen that continued use of stone as building material due to the abundance of natural materials such as protrusions from the granite and limestone in the mountain ranges. Continued this tradition through the Middle Ages to modern times where we find that the stone box, or even the magnificent stones of a particular form represents a milestone of Amaalmalmbane important in Yemen. Perhaps this does not apply to any of the stone buildings in Amman, as where there is no continuous tradition of building stone at similar levels to Yemen, despite the availability of suitable stones.

Perhaps one can Onivkr that early migrants to Amman from the western parts of the Arabian Peninsula, mainly pastoralists, farmers and rural Aopaltjar and counselors convoys in the rural areas, Imknt mind the reason for the scarcity of stone building and the lack of texts or even the inscriptions of the period before Islam. But it is worth mentioning that the Tal fired bricks used in Sohar even fourth / tenth century when it was an important port of Sohar and the rich. This was derived from the drilling of brick and clay brick kilns burning nearby until the end of the fourth / tenth century must be that the industry was Mzdahrp. And was based on the brick industry in Sohar is traditionally members of the Jewish community as they did in Sana'a, Yemen, where Jews were there making fired bricks for use in building houses. This seems to indicate the presence of technicians and Bnaiiet Yemenis in Amman at the time
.
The belief that most of the walls of traditional buildings constructed in the Arabian Peninsula Tainbe sun-dried mud brick and coated with mud or clay is the belief is true with regard to areas where there is no any other materials, residential buildings and small. But this does not apply to defensive fortifications and construction, where we find that the clay layers Tallet often hide in building stones, especially in the lower level of the wall. It is not surprising to find mud-brick fortress praising the sun-dried and probably includes four towers with Rkinp piece tower be at least one stone praising or be faced with stone. There are specific examples of the circular towers built with bricks and mud in its lower portion is composed mostly of the rules of solid clay to a height of four meters and increase external diameter thick wall depth of up to one Mir. The towers are built with stones Tsthdm sometimes as locations for the defense. These guns are still in place in some of the forts, or which adjacent land after they were dropped from their twelve capture the fort.

Gazetteer of the castles and fortified houses:


Name Region Name Region Region Name
Ibra East excretory Sawadi upper Batinah
Adam Thermd inner cavity fertilize regard East
Beit Jibrin purer Hollow Khouzam
House Nizar house Khubayb Almldp Medicine
Nizwa Fulaij inner cavity Suwaiq Medicine
Falajs Numan Al-Jouf Al Batinah Al Batinah Al Seeb
Avi Ghadaf packets Ghadaf Shinas Medicine
Pat secret tricks Ghaf East Sahar Al Batinah
Bidbid Ghadaf Castle tricks East Photos
Khasab Muscat North Alaijp
Barka Al Batinah Aldriz password Fort Snislp
Pond Hollow banana Rustaq Ghadaf hardship password
House Rdidp Rumais Fort Imam Al Batinah
Bahla Hollow Castle Rumais Energy South
Buraimi Fort Roy excretory two solutions Hebrew Password
Fort trench Tawam house Falaj fort
Country Jalan Bani Bu Ali Sadah southern Iraqi secret
Bella inner cavity slot Awabi Ghadaf
Qalhat Eastern Eye Sulaiv password password
Mirbat South Samail Ghadaf Algavat Hollow
Duffer key difference Hollow




Names and locations of the old areas of Oman:

Medicine: the coastal area between the mountains of the North until the excretory and Muscat.

Bidiya: Wadi Al Batha South East to the Sea and prestige of the sand.

Tawam: Buraimi and the surrounding area.

Jalan: from the valley and the Batha Bidiya until the top limit: the Coastal Region of Eastern.

Julfar: the area in the south-west of the Musandam peninsula.

Hollow: South of the mountains west of Bahla even Izki.

Password: South Tawam even Hebrew.

East: the region of Oman in the east and Wadi Samail and purer up the coast.

North: The area populated on the eastern side of the mountains of the Musandam peninsula until Fujairah.

Seer: Includes Julfar Tawam even on the western side of the mountains of the Musandam peninsula.

Phenomenon: the area includes the desert of State for Tawam walk.

Ghadaf: the area at the northern end of Wadi Samail, especially the region centered around Rustaq.