مقدمة

وتعدّدت فروع علم الفلك بتطوّر أساليب البحث و تقنيات الرّصد و تقدّم العلوم الأخرى. إذ أنّ علم الفلك علم شامل، و الباحث فيه عليه إتقان الرّياضيات و الفيزياء بالخصوص، ولكن كذلك الكيمياء و حتّى البيولوجيا (لمن يريد دراسة إمكانية الحياة على سطح الكواكب الأخرى مثلا). و الرّاصد عليه إتقان تقنيات عديدة كالإلكترونيك و الحاسوب مثلا. و من أهمّ فروع علم الفلك الحديث نذكر:

To whom is this lesson:

This lesson is addressed to all who aspire to have a good base in the science of astronomy amateurs, students or others. To accommodate the reader does not need to be of a higher level of secondary education. The principles not only require some basic concepts in mathematics, and engineering in particular, as an account of triangles, for example. It remains open as well as lesson for children of primary school, especially the first part of the doors.

This lesson aims to give an overview of astronomy in the light of modern scientific discoveries, and that the duty to know everyone who wants to understand the universe in which we live.



2. The objective of the study of astronomy: the subject of astronomy and its branches

Astronomy is the oldest science at all. As a result of natural human motivation to explore the ocean in which they live, and trying to understand the everyday phenomena that may seem intuitive to us at the present time, virtual palace coup of the sun in the sky or the different chapters, for example.


Although, this need has evolved over the past centuries of trying to understand the immediate surroundings (the ground) to try to understand what is after that (the solar system, galaxy, ...), the astronomy (and the rest of science in general) remains the aims of which he studied and the researcher to satisfy the simple desire to understand what is around him so that he could then improve the living conditions. Understanding the movement of the moon around the earth and the movement of the latter around the sun enabled us to develop accurate calendars that govern our lives. Also, know the positions of the stars in the sky and the sea enables the traveler to find the paths.


And the subject of astronomy is "heaven", that is what exists outside the earth from celestial bodies, eg planets and satellites and so on. And of course studying astronomy and the earth but also in an overview, in contrast to geology, for example. Hydrologists are studying astronomy on the same ground motion and rotation around the sun and its interaction with other planets.

And there were many branches of astronomy development of research methods and techniques of monitoring the progress of science and others. As a comprehensive knowledge of astronomy, and the researcher him master the mathematics and physics in particular, but also chemistry and even biology (for those who want to study the possibility of life on other planets, for example). And the observer by the mastery of many techniques and computer Kalaketronak example. The most important branches of modern astronomy are:


1. Measuring the positions of the stars (Astrometry):
And the branch that is designed to measure the positions of the stars in the sky with sufficient precision and to monitor their movements.


2. Celestial mechanics (Celestial Mechanics):
Aims to monitor the movement of planets and moons in our solar system and to predict this movement under the law of gravity. He is a very inexact science, with which you can calculate precisely the time of lunar eclipse, and this is decades before it occurs.


3. Astrophysics (Astrophysics):
Which includes many of the people such as studying the nature of the physics of planets and stars and study the composition of the major buildings and study ocean between the stars ...


4. Physics of the universe (Cosmology):
He is studying the universe as a whole and all its components overview, aims to study the composition and its future, science is currently experiencing a demand and great interest by astronomers.



And researcher in the science of modern astronomy has to specialize in one of these branches, a deep competence, since each branch is almost a note of the solo alone! But with this, the astronomer him know the basic concepts in all other branches that are still tied after all. And we will look at these concepts, starting from the next door.

1. موقع NASA و هي وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية. و هذا الموقع يحتوي على أخبار البحوث في علم الفلك و صور جدّ جميلة و جديد بعثات فضاء الوكالة.

Some references:

Here we will mention some references on the Internet. We will identify the number of references to the basic reference only, since the Astronomy write a word in any search engine gives hundreds of thousands of results ...



1. NASA site and is the U.S. space agency. This site contains news of research in astronomy and photos very beautiful and new space missions of the Agency.


2. Site and the ESA is the European Space Agency. And this site as good as the previous site and carries a new European space missions.


3. BDL site and find the data and to calculate the value of the accounts Alozaaj (ephemerides) of any locations and times Celestial unique astronomical phenomena (eclipses for example).


4. Site and the ESO is the European Observatory located Balceli. And the site contains a new observational astronomy.


5. Site Sky & Telescope magazine, and is heading to the value of amateur astronomy.